1. What is meant by the concept of principlesof environmental law? Explain, identifying three such principles and illustrating your answer with case-law (max 2000 words)
2. EU treaties allow for two mechanisms by which national compliance withEU law can be judicially enforced: a centralised mechanism in which the[European] Commission initiates infringement proceedings against non-complying member states, and a de-centralised mechanism in which citizens, groupsand companies initiate legal proceedings against non-complying national authorities before national courts.Critically discussthese two mechanisms, including their strengths and weaknesses,in the Irish environmental context (max 2000 words)